What are examples of ACEI?

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitors) drugs include Benazepril (Lotensin), Captopril (Capoten), Enalapril/Enalaprilat (Vasotec oral and injectable), Fosinopril (Monopril), Lisinopril (Zestril and Prinivil), Moexipril (Univasc), Perindopril (Aceon), Quinapril (Accupril), Ramipril (Altace), and …

How are ACE inhibitors teratogenic?

Fetal urine production begins towards the end of the first trimester. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are thought to produce a fetopathy by inhibiting fetal urine production and therefore only do so when taken in the second and third trimesters: the drugs have been considered safe in the first trimester.

Is Acei teratogenic?

Specifically, these drugs were associated with increased infant risks for cardiovascular and nervous system anomalies. ACE inhibitors, long known to be teratogenic when used in the last two trimesters of pregnancy, have been considered safe in the first trimester.

Why is Acei contraindicated in pregnancy?

It is well accepted that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are contraindicated during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy because of increased risk of fetal renal damage.

Why does ACE inhibitor make you cough?

The means by which ACE inhibitors affect the respiratory system is thought to be through an increase of substance P, which is released from the vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory nerves in the pharynx and upper airways, and is naturally degraded by ACE [7,47]. In this case, this will increase the cough reflex.

What is the most commonly prescribed beta blocker?

As seen in figure 1, the most commonly prescribed beta-blocker medications are metoprolol succinate and metoprolol tartrate. While both drugs are used to treat heart-related issues, their applications are very different.

Can metformin be used in pregnancy?

Metformin is an oral drug that is being evaluated to treat GDM, obesity-associated insulin resistance, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) during pregnancy. The beneficial effects of metformin on glycemia and pregnancy outcomes place it as a good alternative for its use during pregnancy.

What is an ACE inhibitor cough like?

A dry, tickly and often bothersome cough is the most common adverse effect of ACE inhibitors. Recent studies indicate that cough may develop in around 10% of the patients treated with ACE inhibitors.

Which is the most common example of a teratogen?

Consequently, what are the three most common teratogens? Teratogenic agents include infectious agents (rubella, cytomegalovirus, varicella, herpes simplex, toxoplasma, syphilis, etc.); physical agents (ionizing agents, hyperthermia); maternal health factors (diabetes, maternal PKU); environmental chemicals (organic mercury compounds,

What can a teratogenic agent do to a cell?

Teratogens are chemical, physical, or biologic agents that are able to induce developmental abnormalities. Some teratogens are toxic and cause necrosis, whereas others trigger programmed cell death (apoptosis).

When is the critical period of exposure for teratogen?

The word teratogen originates from the Greek word for monster, teratos. Keeping this in consideration, what is the most common teratogen? The critical period of exposure appears to be from the second to the fifth week of gestation.

When is a teratogen harmful to the fetus?

Genes of the mother and fetus determine susceptibility to a teratogen (e.g., there is variable susceptibility to the effects of alcohol). Most teratogens are harmful only during a critical window of development (e.g., thalidomide is teratogenic only between days 28 and 50 of pregnancy).