What is in phase and out of phase in MRI?

In-phase (IP) and out-of-phase (OOP) sequences correspond to paired MRI gradient echo (GRE) sequences obtained with the same repetition time (TR) but with two different echo time (TE) values.

How long does an MRI of the adrenal glands take?

Your MRI will take about 45 minutes to complete.

What kind of MRI do you order for adrenal glands?

The most commonly used nuclear imaging scans in adrenal tumor imaging are: MIBG (I-131 MIBG)

Can an MRI miss an adrenal tumor?

In rare cases, a patient may have symptoms of a hormone-producing tumor, but CT or MRI scans may not identify a tumor or the patient may have small masses on both adrenal glands. In cases like this, an interventional radiologist can test the blood from the veins of each adrenal gland.

What is in phase vs out of phase?

If the crests of two waves pass the same point or line at the same time, then they are in phase for that position; however, if the crest of one and the trough of the other pass at the same time, the phase angles differ by 180°, or π radians, and the waves are said to be out of phase (by 180° in this case).

What is in phase out of phase?

If two things are happening in/out of phase they are reaching the same or related stages at the same time/at different times.

Can a tumor on the adrenal gland cause back pain?

Symptoms of adrenal cancer are usually caused by the hormones the tumor is making. Some symptoms are caused when the tumor is very large and is pressing on nearby organs. People with adrenal cancer may have any or all of these symptoms: Belly or back pain.

What does completely out of phase mean?

A phrase used to characterize two or more signals whose phase relationship with each other is such that when one is at its positive peak the other is at (or near) its negative peak. But people generally say “out of phase” to mean approximately 180 degrees out of phase.

When do you know if two waves are in phase or out of phase?

What is the MRI protocol for adrenal glands?

Adrenal glands protocol is an MRI protocol comprising a group of MRI sequences put together to further assess indeterminate adrenal lesions, in particular, lipid-poor adenomas . Note: This article is intended to outline some general principles of protocol design.

How are adrenal lesions related to chemical shift imaging?

Adrenal lesions that contain macroscopic fat demonstrate a loss of signal intensity on fat-saturated images. A loss of signal intensity at chemical shift imaging can be seen at fat-water interfaces, typically at the borders of such lesions (, 3).

Which is an out of phase artifact in adrenal adenoma?

Lipid droplets (arrow) in adrenal adenoma. The out-of-phase cancellation effect between fat and water give rise to a specific type of MR artifact, called the “India ink artifact” or “chemical shift artifact of the second kind.” This is discussed in a later Q&A.

What is the signal intensity of adrenal adenoma?

Lipid-rich adrenal adenoma (arrow). In-phase GRE image at TE=4.4 msec shows tumor of intermediate signal intensity. Hepatic steatosis. In-phase GRE with TE=4.4 msec. Out-of-phase GRE image at TE=2.2 msec. The adenoma (arrow) falls in signal, a phase-cancellation artifact.